Active and Passive Voice in English Grammar: Complete Rules, Conversion Rules & 30+ PYQs for SSC, UPSSSC, IBPS, High Court & State PCS

परिचय: अंग्रेजी व्याकरण में Active and Passive Voice का महत्व

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प्रतियोगिता परीक्षाओं (जैसे SSC CGL, CHSL, CPO, IBPS PO/Clerk, UPSSSC PET, UP Police Constable/SI, High Court RO/ARO, तथा UPPSC, MPPSC, BPSC, RAS जैसी राज्य लोक सेवा आयोग की परीक्षाओं) में English Grammar के अंतर्गत Active and Passive Voice एक सबसे अधिक अंक-दायी और महत्वपूर्ण टॉपिक है।

जब किसी वाक्य में कर्ता (Subject) स्वयं कार्य करता है, तो उसे Active Voice कहा जाता है, और जब कार्य का प्रभाव या कर्म (Object) प्रधान होता है, तो उसे Passive Voice कहा जाता है। विभिन्न प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं में 'Voice Conversion' से सीधे 2 से 5 प्रश्न हर साल पूछे जाते हैं।

1. Active और Passive Voice की बुनियादी अवधारणा

Definition: Voice is that form of a verb which shows whether the subject of a sentence performs the action or has the action performed upon it.

प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं की दृष्टि से दोनों में मुख्य अंतर नीचे दी गई तालिका में स्पष्ट किया गया है:

Voice का प्रकार	कर्ता (Subject) की स्थिति	उदाहरण (Example)
Active Voice	Subject सक्रिय होता है (कार्य करता है)	Ram writes a letter.
Passive Voice	Object को Subject बनाया जाता है (कर्म प्रधान)	A letter is written by Ram.

2. Voice बदलने के 4 स्वर्णिम नियम (Golden Rules for Conversion)

Active से Passive Voice बनाते समय निम्नलिखित चार बुनियादी नियमों का पालन किया जाता है:

1. Object को Subject बनाना: Active Voice के Object को Passive Voice का Subject बना दिया जाता है।

2. Helping Verb का प्रयोग: Tense के अनुसार उचित Helping Verb और हमेशा मुख्य क्रिया का तीसरा रूप (V3) प्रयोग किया जाता है।

3. By का प्रयोग: नए Object (जो पहले Subject था) के पहले सामान्यतः 'by' का प्रयोग किया जाता है (कुछ विशेष वर्ब्स के साथ to, with, at भी आता है)।

4. Pronoun का बदलना: Pronouns के केस इस प्रकार बदलते हैं: I ➔ me, We ➔ us, He ➔ him, She ➔ her, They ➔ them, Who ➔ whom।

3. Tense के अनुसार Helping Verbs परिवर्तन तालिका

परीक्षाओं में Tense परिवर्तन के नियमों से सबसे अधिक प्रश्न पूछे जाते हैं। नीचे दी गई तालिका में Active से Passive बनाते समय लगने वाली Helping Verbs दी गई हैं:

Tense का नाम	Active Voice की क्रिया	Passive Voice में प्रयुक्त Helping Verb + V3
Present Indefinite	V1 / V5 (s/es)	is / am / are + V3
Present Continuous	is / am / are + V4	is / am / are + being + V3
Present Perfect	has / have + V3	has / have + been + V3
Past Indefinite	V2	was / were + V3
Past Continuous	was / were + V4	was / were + being + V3
Past Perfect	had + V3	had + been + V3
Future Indefinite	shall / will + V1	shall / will + be + V3
Future Perfect	shall / will + have + V3	shall / will + have been + V3

4. विशेष वाक्यों के Passive Rules (Imperative & Interrogative)

(A) Imperative Sentences (आज्ञासूचक वाक्य)

• आदेश वाले वाक्य (Order/Command): इनकी शुरुआत Let + Object + be + V3 से होती है।

  • Active: Open the door.

  • Passive: Let the door be opened.

• सलाह वाले वाक्य (Advice): इनमें Object + should be + V3 का प्रयोग होता है।

  • Active: Help the poor.

  • Passive: The poor should be helped.

(B) Interrogative Sentences (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य)

• Who से शुरू होने वाले वाक्य: 'Who' को 'By whom' में बदल दिया जाता है।

  • Active: Who wrote this book?

  • Passive: By whom was this book written?

1. Choose the correct passive form of: "Ram writes a letter."

a) A letter is written by Ram.

b) A letter was written by Ram.

c) A letter has been written by Ram.

d) A letter is being written by Ram.

उत्तर: a) A letter is written by Ram.

2. Find the passive voice of: "The police caught the thief."

a) The thief is caught by the police.

b) The thief was caught by the police.

c) The thief had been caught by the police.

d) The thief has been caught by the police.

उत्तर: b) The thief was caught by the police.

3. Change into passive voice: "Open the door."

a) Let the door be opened.

b) The door should be open.

c) Let the door open.

d) Open the door please.

उत्तर: a) Let the door be opened.

4. Choose the correct passive form of: "Who stole your pen?"

a) By whom was your pen stolen?

b) Who was stolen your pen?

c) Your pen was stolen by who?

d) Whom stole your pen?

उत्तर: a) By whom was your pen stolen?

5. Find the passive voice of: "She is cooking food."

a) Food is cooked by her.

b) Food was being cooked by her.

c) Food is being cooked by her.

d) Food has been cooked by her.

उत्तर: c) Food is being cooked by her.

6. Choose the correct passive form of: "They have won the match."

a) The match is won by them.

b) The match was won by them.

c) The match has been won by them.

d) The match had been won by them.

उत्तर: c) The match has been won by them.

7. Change into active voice: "English is spoken all over the world."

a) All over the world speaks English.

b) People speak English all over the world.

c) English speaks all over the world.

d) World speaks English everywhere.

उत्तर: b) People speak English all over the world.

8. Find the passive voice of: "Will he help me?"

a) Will I be helped by him?

b) Shall I be helped by him?

c) Would I be helped by him?

d) Is I helped by him?

उत्तर: b) Shall I be helped by him?

9. Choose the correct passive form of: "Please help me."

a) You are ordered to help me.

b) You are requested to help me.

c) You should help me.

d) Let me be helped please.

उत्तर: b) You are requested to help me.

10. Change into passive: "Teacher praised the student."

a) The student is praised by the teacher.

b) The student was praised by the teacher.

c) The student has been praised by the teacher.

d) The student praised the teacher.

उत्तर: b) The student was praised by the teacher.

11. Find the passive voice of: "Do you know me?"

a) Am I known to you?

b) Are I known by you?

c) Do I known by you?

d) Is I known to you?

उत्तर: a) Am I known to you? ('Know' के साथ 'by' नहीं बल्कि 'to' आता है)

12. Choose the correct passive form of: "He knows me."

a) I am known by him.

b) I am known to him.

c) I was known by him.

d) I know him.

उत्तर: b) I am known to him.

13. Change into passive: "The mason is building the house."

a) The house is built by the mason.

b) The house was being built by the mason.

c) The house is being built by the mason.

d) The house has been built by the mason.

उत्तर: c) The house is being built by the mason.

14. Find the passive voice of: "Shut the window."

a) Let the window be shut.

b) The window should shut.

c) Window is shut.

d) Let shut the window.

उत्तर: a) Let the window be shut.

15. Choose the correct passive form of: "The news surprised me."

a) I was surprised by the news.

b) I was surprised at the news.

c) I am surprised with the news.

d) I had been surprised by the news.

उत्तर: b) I was surprised at the news. ('Surprise' के साथ 'at' आता है)

16. Change into passive: "Somebody has stolen my purse."

a) My purse has stolen.

b) My purse has been stolen.

c) My purse was stolen by somebody.

d) My purse had been stolen.

उत्तर: b) My purse has been stolen. (अनिश्चित कर्ता somebody को passive में हटा देते हैं)

17. Find the passive voice of: "Children are flying kites."

a) Kites are flown by children.

b) Kites were being flown by children.

c) Kites are being flown by children.

d) Kites have been flown by children.

उत्तर: c) Kites are being flown by children.

18. Choose the correct passive form of: "They elected him leader."

a) He was elected leader by them.

b) Leader was elected him by them.

c) He is elected leader.

d) He elected leader.

उत्तर: a) He was elected leader by them.

19. Change into passive: "Do not beat the dog."

a) Let the dog not be beaten.

b) The dog should not beat.

c) Do not let the dog be beaten.

d) Let not the dog beat.

उत्तर: a) Let the dog not be beaten.

20. Find the passive voice of: "He teaches us English."

a) We are taught English by him.

b) English is taught us by him.

c) Both a and b are correct.

d) We were taught English by him.

उत्तर: c) Both a and b are correct (दो ऑब्जेक्ट वाले वाक्यों में दोनों से पैसिव बन सकता है)

21. Choose the correct passive form of: "One should keep one's promise."

a) Promise should be kept.

b) One's promise should be kept by one.

c) Promise should keep.

d) One promise is kept.

उत्तर: a) Promise should be kept. (One को passive में छोड़ दिया जाता है)

22. Change into passive: "The fire burnt down the house."

a) The house was burnt down by the fire.

b) The house is burnt down by the fire.

c) The house had been burnt down.

d) The house burnt down.

उत्तर: a) The house was burnt down by the fire.

23. Find the passive voice of: "Why did you write such a letter?"

a) Why was such a letter written by you?

b) Why is such a letter written by you?

c) Why did such a letter write by you?

d) Why had such a letter been written by you?

उत्तर: a) Why was such a letter written by you?

24. Choose the correct passive form of: "Mother Teresa loved the poor."

a) The poor are loved by Mother Teresa.

b) The poor were loved by Mother Teresa.

c) The poor had been loved by Mother Teresa.

d) The poor was loved by Mother Teresa.

उत्तर: b) The poor were loved by Mother Teresa.

25. Change into passive: "Who can solve this puzzle?"

a) By whom can this puzzle be solved?

b) Who can be solved this puzzle?

c) This puzzle can solved by who?

d) Whom can solve this puzzle?

उत्तर: a) By whom can this puzzle be solved?

26. Find the passive voice of: "Smoke filled the room."

a) The room was filled by smoke.

b) The room was filled with smoke.

c) The room is filled with smoke.

d) The room had been filled by smoke.

उत्तर: b) The room was filled with smoke. ('Fill' के साथ 'with' आता है)

27. Choose the correct passive form of: "He will finish the work tomorrow."

a) The work will be finished by him tomorrow.

b) The work would be finished by him tomorrow.

c) The work is finished tomorrow.

d) The work has been finished by him.

उत्तर: a) The work will be finished by him tomorrow.

28. Change into passive: "People say that honesty is the best policy."

a) It is said that honesty is the best policy.

b) Honesty is said to be the best policy.

c) Both a and b are correct.

d) Honesty was said the best policy.

उत्तर: c) Both a and b are correct.

29. Find the passive voice of: "Govern your passions."

a) Let your passions be governed.

b) You should govern your passions.

c) Both a and b are correct.

d) Let governed your passions.

उत्तर: c) Both a and b are correct.

30. Choose the correct passive form of: "The container contains milk."

a) Milk is contained by the container.

b) Milk is contained in the container.

c) Milk was contained by the container.

d) Milk has been contained in the container.

उत्तर: b) Milk is contained in the container. ('Contain' के साथ 'in' आता है)

31. Change into passive: "Sahil is writing a letter."

a) A letter is written by Sahil.

b) A letter is being written by Sahil.

c) A letter was being written by Sahil.

d) A letter has been written by Sahil.

उत्तर: b) A letter is being written by Sahil.

5. त्वरित समीक्षा (Quick Revision Notes)

• Always V3: Passive Voice बनाते समय मुख्य क्रिया का हमेशा तीसरा रूप (V3) ही प्रयोग किया जाता है।

• Continuous Tenses: Continuous Tenses में सहायक क्रिया के बाद being जोड़ दिया जाता है (जैसे: is being, was being)।

• Fixed Prepositions in Passive: कुछ Verbs के साथ 'by' नहीं बल्कि निश्चित Prepositions आती हैं:

  • Know ➔ to

  • Surprised / Shocked / Alarmed ➔ at

  • Filled / Contained / Pleased ➔ with

  • Interested ➔ in

• Omission of Agent: यदि Active Voice में कर्ता somebody, nobody, people, police, one हों, तो Passive में उन्हें 'by' के साथ नहीं लिखा जाता।

6. अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले प्रश्न (FAQ)

Q1. क्या सभी Tenses के Passive Voice बनाए जा सकते हैं?

उत्तर: नहीं, अंग्रेजी में कुल 12 Tenses में से केवल 8 Tenses के ही Passive Voice बनाए जा सकते हैं। अंत के 3 Tenses (Present, Past, Future Perfect Continuous) तथा Future Continuous Tense का Passive नहीं बनता।

Q2. 'Know' और 'Surprise' के साथ Passive बनाते समय 'by' क्यों नहीं लगता?

उत्तर: कुछ क्रियाओं का संबंध दर्शाने के लिए व्याकरण में निश्चित Prepositions तय हैं। जैसे 'Know' के बाद to और 'Surprise' के बाद at का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Q3. Intransitive Verbs (अकर्मक क्रियाओं) का Passive क्यों नहीं बनता?

उत्तर: Passive Voice बनाने के लिए वाक्य में Object (कर्म) का होना अनिवार्य होता है। Intransitive Verbs के पास अपना Object नहीं होता, इसलिए उनका सामान्यतः Passive Voice नहीं बनता।

7. निष्कर्ष

अंग्रेजी व्याकरण में Active and Passive Voice प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं के दृष्टिकोण से अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण और उच्च सफलता दर वाला टॉपिक है। SSC, UPSSSC, IBPS, High Court, UP Police तथा राज्य लोक सेवा आयोग की परीक्षाओं में Voice conversion के नियमों, Fixed Prepositions और Special Sentences के तरीकों को समझकर आप आसानी से पूरे अंक प्राप्त कर सकते हैं। ऊपर दिए गए विस्तृत नोट्स और 30+ पिछले वर्षों के प्रश्नों का नियमित अभ्यास आपकी परीक्षा तैयारी को पूर्णता प्रदान करेगा। इस पेज को बुकमार्क अवश्य कर लें।